GSM transceiver base station (BTS) installation and commissioning process

GSM transceiver base station (BTS) installation and commissioning process:

first part
BTS computer room infrastructure
1.1 Requirements for the construction survey of the equipment room
1.1.1 Equipment room conditions
A. The seal is dustproof, clean and tidy. The color of the wall is the same, the concrete floor needs to be painted, and the feeder windows, doors and windows are sealed. The feeder window should be installed before the base station is installed. The hole size of the wall is required to be 400mm × 300mm. For the unused feeder window, the entrance hole should be blocked with fireproof mud.
B. Configure sweeping tools and fire extinguishing equipment.
C. Configure the air conditioner with appropriate capacity: the approximate calculation formula for the air conditioner capacity: (Px860 + Sx80 ~ 90) x1.1 ~ 1.4 (Kcal / h), where P is the calorific value (KW) of all equipment in the equipment room, and S is the area of ​​the equipment room m2).
D. The load bearing of the equipment room should meet the equipment installation requirements. Transceiver and switching power supply equipment: 500Kg / m2, battery: approximately 1000Kg / m2, if the load bearing of the equipment room cannot meet the requirements, effective measures should be taken.
E. Remove the radiator and water pipe in the equipment room or cut off the water heating supply system.
F. The area of ​​the computer room should meet the needs of long-term development.
1.1.2 Computer room power system
A. Capacity allocation should consider long-term development, and the system is easy to expand.
B. The power supply equipment should be equipped with enough fuse shunts, and the shunt capacity should match the power consumption of the equipment. The shunt capacity = rated load current x 1.2 ~ 1.5. DC power distribution provides two air switches, 32A and 63A.
C. The AC and DC cable specifications should be selected according to the design documents; the AC distribution uses a distribution box or cabinet, the AC and DC cables must be fixed firmly and beautifully, and the diameter of each branch DC power supply line is not less than 16mm2.
D. Lighting and AC outlets are intact and available.
E. It is better to install the battery in the sub-room of the base station. Use a sealed maintenance-free battery. The battery should have a cover plate and be installed on a shelf with the shelf grounded. The color of the battery cable is correctly marked, and it is fixed with a cable tray or a cable trough.
1.2 Outdoor construction survey requirements
1.2.1 Requirements for self-supporting towers or towers
1. In addition to meeting the technical requirements, the position and height of the antenna tower of the base station should also comply with the relevant regulations of the aviation department, and an aviation sign light should be set on the top of the tower.
2. Antenna towers should be selected in areas with flat terrain and good geology. Faults, edges of soil slopes, ancient river channels, and places with potential for landslides, landslides, and underground deposits or monuments with mining value should be avoided.
3. The tilt standard of the new antenna tower should be controlled within 1/1500 of the antenna height.
4. The seismic resistance and seismic design of the antenna tower shall be implemented in accordance with the relevant national standards, specifications and regulations in force.
1.2.2 Antenna pole requirements
1. Antenna pole and cantilever installation require welding or bolt connection, and ensure the verticality.
2. The pole and cantilever must be rust and corrosion resistant.
3. The length of the cantilever extending beyond the tower is greater than 1 wavelength, which is recommended to be 1 to 2 meters.
1.2.3 General requirements for frame technology The design, manufacture and installation of mobile communication frames implement the national technical and economic policies. Achieve advanced technology, reasonable economy, safe application, and ensure quality.
1. Deformation limit Under the local maximum wind load (standard value) for 30 years, the horizontal displacement of any point of the frame shall not be greater than 1% of the height of the point from the ground. (Refer to iron tower process requirements)
2. Safety and protective measures The iron tower should adopt long-term anti-corrosion treatment, which can be sprayed or hot-dip galvanized. When hot-dip galvanizing, the thermal deformation of the components should be fully considered. Galvanized thickness ≥0.035mm.
3. The top of the lightning protection grounding frame should be equipped with a lightning rod or lightning ball (the method is chosen by the builder), and the bottom of the frame should be grounded for lightning protection.
4. The earthquake resistance index of the frame structure shall be considered according to the intensity level 8, and shall be determined by referring to the relevant regulations in "Code for Seismic Design of Buildings" GBJ11-89.
5. The structure of the frame must have firm ladders or diagonal angles that can be climbed, which is conducive to antenna installation, feeder deployment, commissioning, maintenance, access and operation.

1.3 Lightning protection and grounding of indoor and outdoor infrastructure
1.3.1 Power supply system
A. The introduction of power lines should be directly buried (through pipes or armored cables), and both ends of steel pipes or cable metal sheaths should be reliably grounded nearby.
B. Armored cables should be used for tower beacon lights, repeater equipment power lines and control lines, and the principle of feeder grounding should be followed. Each phase line should be separately equipped with a lightning arrester at the entrance of the machine room, and the zero line should be directly grounded.
1.3.2 Transmission equipment Transmission equipment should be reliably connected to the protective ground in the equipment room.
1.3.3 Day feeder system
A. The tower of the mobile communication base station should have perfect lightning protection devices against direct lightning and secondary induction lightning.
B. The tower lightning rod should be equipped with a special lightning current down conductor. The material should be 40x4 galvanized flat steel to be introduced into the ground net. The routing requirements of the flat steel are opposite to the direction of the machine room.
C. The antenna should be within the 450 umbrella protection range of the lightning rod.
D. The feeder should be grounded near the upper, lower and entrance of the machine room. When the height of the tower is greater than or equal to 60 meters, an additional ground should be added in the middle of the tower.
E. Under the premise that the building grounding system is reliable, various metal facilities such as antenna support holding posts, feeder cable racks, etc. should be reliably connected to the roof lightning protection zone respectively, otherwise, they should be connected to the outdoor ground window (EGB).
Cable racks, hanging iron racks, distribution boxes, battery racks, etc. in the equipment room should be grounded for protection.
Part II Equipment installation process requirements
2.1 Hardware equipment installation requirements
1. Fix the rack according to the design drawings. If there is any change, you need to consult with the person in charge of the customer and the design department to make appropriate modifications and make written records.
2. The arrangement of the racks is in accordance with the design requirements.
3. Pay attention to leave enough space for operation and maintenance when installing the equipment.
4. The frame is fastened vertically, horizontally and neatly on the machine bench or concrete floor by four M12 bolts.
5. Use insulating gaskets to ensure that the rack is insulated from the ground or wall when it is fixed to prevent multiple points from being grounded.
6. All racks should be marked with a unified label.
7. Keep the machine room clean at all times.
2.2 Base station grounding requirements:
1. The internal grounding system must be installed correctly.
(1) The separate grounding window / row is installed correctly.
(2) The grounding window / row must be connected to the building ground or an external grounding system. The connection must be a single or multi-strand copper wire with a diameter greater than AWG2 (35mm2). Green or black wire is recommended.
2. The frame should be grounded at a single point
(1) The conductor must be or thicker than AWG6 (16mm2) single or multi-strand copper wire. Green wire is recommended.
(2) The contact points must be cleaned to ensure good electrical contact.
(3) Each rack must be connected to an independent grounding bar and cannot be reconnected.
3. The indoor cabling rack should be connected to the internal grounding bar.
4. The ground resistance is less than 4 ohms.
5. The grounding bar specification 400x100x10 (mm) should be tinned. The indoor ground bar must not be connected to the working ground bar.
2.3 Internal connection requirements of the base station:
1. All feeders must be labelled at both ends.
2. Leave the feeder at the connector with a margin of movement.
3. The cutting line should be neat.
4. All cable ties must be repaired.
5. The cable tie should not be too tight or damage the cable.
6. Surplus cables should be neatly arranged.
7. Put the plastic sheath of all components in the bag and stick it on the inside of the rack door for use.
8. All feeder connectors from TRANSCEIVER to RF FRONT-END must be tightened.
9. The 1/2 "feeder from the TOP PANEL to the main feeder is correctly connected, the length is appropriate, and no metal is exposed.
10. The power cord connected to TRANSCEIVER is properly connected and fastened.
11. The fiber connection is correct.
(1) The fiber connection from FOX to TRANSCEIVER is correct.
(2) The fiber connections between the racks are correct.
(3) The minimum radius of fiber winding is greater than 30mm.
(4) Keep the fiber connector clean.
12. The transmission cable connected to the top T43 / BIB board is correctly connected.
13. The distance between the cable rack and the top of the rack is not less than 300mm.
14. Route the cables along the cable trough or cable rack.
(1) The AC and DC power cables, RF cables, ground cables, transmission cables, and control cables should not be entangled with each other, but must be routed separately.
(2) All cables must be fixed with cable ties every 1 meter. The cable ties must be tight enough but the cables must not be damaged.
(3) The trace span must exceed 0.6 meters and must be supported.
15. Do not touch the sharp surface of the trace.
16. The cables used in the indoor and outdoor of the base station should be flame retardant and armored cables. All incoming lines at the inlet of the base station should be equipped with water discharge bends (including air conditioners).
2.4 Base station power supply, air-conditioning equipment installation process quality standards
2.4.1 Base station power supply installation requirements:
1. The output voltage and power value of the power supply meet the requirements of the base station.
2. The power cord of the power supply rack must meet the requirements. When -48V DC is used for power supply, the wire diameter is greater than 35 square millimeters (length is less than 24 meters).
3. If the power cord is provided by the customer, the customer must ensure in writing that all technical indicators meet the corresponding requirements.
4. There is a plastic sheath at the connector of the power supply. The main cable should be able to meet the terminal capacity requirements of the base station.
5. All DC power cables and copper noses should be tightly connected and sealed with adhesive tape or heat shrink tubing. Labels should be provided at both ends of the AC and DC lines, and the diameter, length, routing, etc. should be indicated on the labels.
6. There is no exposed copper wire, and the power cord must not be in contact with sharp objects.
7. The color of the power cord should clearly distinguish each electrode + 27v / -48v red / blue; 0V black; the ground wire is green or yellow-green.
8. The user's power supply equipment should be clearly marked to facilitate inspection of voltage and load.
9. Make a water return bend before introducing the power cord into the equipment room.
2.1 Base station air conditioning installation requirements
1. The doors, windows and threading openings of the machine room should be sealed to reduce the loss of cooling capacity, save energy, and extend the service life of the air conditioning unit.
2. The installation and placement of the indoor unit of the air conditioner must be in accordance with the location on the construction drawings.
3. The outdoor unit of the air conditioner must be installed with a bracket, the bracket should be more than 30cm above the ground. The installation method should be selected according to the actual situation. The safe discharge of condensate should be ensured.
4. If there is no design, the installation should consider the following factors:
(1) The back of the machine in the city leans against the wall, and it is shock-proof and reinforced, and a base is added to facilitate the discharge of condensate.
(2) The installation location should facilitate the cooling of communication equipment and the exchange of cold and hot air.
(3) The location should be kept at a certain distance from the communication equipment to facilitate maintenance and smooth passage.
(4) The installation of outdoor unit should be safe, firm and anti-theft. Try to shorten the distance to the local machine as much as possible to facilitate the efficiency of air conditioning. The installation of all air conditioners must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements and precautions of the product manual. The heat sink of the outdoor unit should be more than 30cm away from the wall to facilitate maintenance. If installed on the roof, lightning protection and grounding should be done.
2.5 days feeder installation process quality standards
2.5.1 The antenna installation meets the design requirements:
1. The antenna installation position is correct.
2. The antenna depression angle is correct. According to the design requirements, the accuracy is 1 degree. (The depression angle of the electrically adjustable antenna is the sum of the electrically adjustable depression angle and the mechanical depression angle).
3. The antenna is oriented correctly, and the accuracy is 5 degrees according to the design requirements.
4. The requirements for the horizontal separation of the GSM900 and DCS1800 antenna systems are as follows:
Single polarized antenna:
Horizontal separation of two antennas in the same sector) Horizontal separation of antennas between different sectors on the same platform
GSM900> 3.0 m> 2.5 m
DCS1800> 1.5 m> 2.0 m

Dual-polarized antenna:
Horizontal separation of two antennas in the same sector Horizontal separation of antennas between different sectors on the same platform
GSM900 N / A> 2.5 m
DCS1800 N / A> 2.0 m

For GSM900 and DCS1800 antenna systems, the vertical separation of different antenna platforms is required to be greater than 1 meter.

For special circumstances, manufacturers need to provide instructions.
5. The wire control device of the electrically adjustable depression antenna has passed the test (this equipment is provided by the antenna manufacturer).
6. The control line of the ESC antenna should be installed with a lightning arrester, and be grounded for lightning protection.
7. The antenna should be within the 45-degree protection range of the lightning protection device.
8. The installation position of the omnidirectional antenna must be correct, and it must not be fixed in the middle of the pole.
2.5.2 Antenna soft jumper requirements The antenna soft jumper must be fastened to the tower or the cantilever with a special cable tie. It is forbidden to use non-outdoor feeders as soft jumpers, and be careful not to bend them excessively.
2.5.3 Installation of main feeder
1. The main feeder must be fixed every 1 meter.
2. The two ends of the main feeder should be clearly marked.
3. Make a return bend before the tail of the main feeder enters the room. It is recommended that the cut angle is greater than 60 degrees but must be within the minimum turning radius specified by this feeder and to prevent rainwater from flowing into the base station room along the feeder.
4. The feeder window, sheath and waterproof filler must be installed at the entrance of the main feeder into the room, and the metal feeder window must be lightning-proof and grounded.
5. The tail of the main feeder must be connected to the lightning arrester. The lightning arrester should be installed indoors as close as possible to the feeder window (recommended within 1 meter). The lightning arrester must be connected to the outdoor lightning protection ground. Outdoor grounding plate (can be installed according to the lightning arrester manufacturer's instructions).
6. The minimum bending radius of the feeder filled with foam insulation is as follows, or the cut angle is greater than 120 degrees.
1/2 feeder, 130mm;
7/8 feeder, 250mm;
1-5 / 8 feeder, 500mm.
7. As few bending points as possible (recommended not to exceed 3), do not touch sharp objects.
8. Ensure that no metal scraps and other non-metallic objects are left in the feeder core.
9. Ensure that all wireless components are tightly connected to the feeder, and no metal is exposed.
10. All outdoor component connections must be waterproof and sealed.
2.5.4 Antenna feeder ground
1. The vertical part of the main feeder needs to be grounded at the top and bottom (outdoor). If the vertical part of the main feeder exceeds 60 meters, it needs to be grounded at the middle of the feeder. If its length is less than 3 meters, only two points need to be grounded. Before entering the main feeder, ground it near the entrance.
2. The feeder insulation must be removed, and the grounding ferrule is firmly connected to the feeder conductor
3. The joints should be sealed with waterproof glue and waterproof tape.
4. The paint on the tower must be removed first, and after the grounding is completed, an anti-oxidation layer must be applied.
5. The grounding wire can be connected to the grounding bar on the tower body, or directly to the tower body, but ensure good conductivity.
6. The ground wire must be vertical to the tower body.
7. The antenna tower and the track bridge are connected to the external grounding system.
8. The grounding resistance is less than 5 ohms.


Base station system grounding requirements

2.5.5 Antenna standing wave ratio requires that the value of the antenna standing wave ratio should be less than 1.4 in the corresponding frequency band.
CMCC: (GSM900) 800M-954M;
(DCS1800) 1710M-1815M.

The third part of the main equipment (BTS) commissioning process

3.1 Tool preparation
3.1.1 Hardware tool preparation Due to the particularity of the commissioning equipment, the commissioning engineer should check the installation of the equipment and change the hardware if necessary, so bring a full set of tools. For example: screwdriver, pliers, hexagon socket, flat mouth, wire cutter, multimeter, etc.
3.1.2 Preparation of instrumentation equipment The commissioning and commissioning of the main equipment is a complex technical task, and the necessary instruments must be complete and accurate. Instruments should be checked regularly to ensure the credibility of the data obtained. Power meter, frequency meter, 2M meter, notebook computer, etc. should be carried when opening and commissioning mobile transceiver equipment.
3.2 Checking the equipment room Due to the relatively high environmental requirements of mobile transceiver equipment, the commissioning engineer should check the equipment room when commissioning the main equipment to see if the equipment room is leaking, clean and sealed, and whether the temperature is appropriate.
3.3 Power supply inspection The opening engineer should carefully check the connection of the power supply before powering on and commissioning the main equipment. It is absolutely forbidden to connect the positive and negative poles in reverse. And check whether the voltage is within the allowable range from the power cabinet and the power supply box of the main equipment:
DC: -40.5Vac ~ -60Vac
AC: 208Vac ~ 240Vac
3.4 Grounding check First, check whether indoor and outdoor common ground occurs to prevent the introduction of external electricity into the room. Then check whether the ground connection of each device in the room meets the grounding requirements of the device (see 2.2.1 for details). The opening engineer must use a multimeter to measure the voltage difference between the cabinet ground and the main ground row to meet the requirements.
3.5 The main equipment hardware check must first check that the hardware installation meets the design requirements, such as: installation location, required configuration, etc. Then check the hardware connection and if necessary, step up rectification.
3.6 Opening of the main equipment The power-on commissioning of the main equipment can be conducted under the condition that the above inspection confirms that it is correct.
● Power-on: start from the power module with larger current in order to prevent power from breaking through the fuse of the micro-current power module.
● Commissioning: After entering the interface of the commissioning software, the correct hardware database should be established and downloaded to the main device according to the requirements, and the device software must be updated if necessary. When ready, activate the master device (BTS) for hardware testing. To test the output power of the equipment, carry out the carrier frequency loop test, etc., the data obtained must meet the requirements of the equipment manufacturer. And check the transmission settings, self-loop, to ensure that the loop is smooth. After completing the hardware test, it is necessary to restore the original appearance of the base station and restart the master device to download the BSC data.
● Machine room finishing: The opening engineer should tidy up the machine room when leaving the machine room and meet the requirements of the owner. Lock the doors and windows of the computer room when you leave.

The fourth part of the main equipment (BTS) opening process

4.1 Downloading data After confirming that the BTS commissioning is correct, request the network optimization or switch room to download the data and observe the status of the main device.
4.2 Failed to download data If downloading data is unsuccessful, first check whether there is any problem with the hardware. In case of problems that cannot be solved on site, please contact the project manager to report and ask whether to delay the opening. After leaving the site, the site conditions should be recorded in detail for analysis.

4.3 After the base station is turned on and the integrated download data is successful, the master device (BTS) should start working. The deployment personnel should pay attention to whether there is any problem with the hardware and whether it is working properly. If there is no problem, dial test is required, and cross-sector switching in different directions is performed around the base station, and the call quality of each time slot is checked and recorded. If you encounter problems, immediately report to the project manager and solve them as soon as possible, so as not to affect the network quality. In the end, the opening personnel will write the dialing test record in the on-site document and keep it back to the company for registration.

So far, the process of installing and commissioning the transceiver base station (BTS) is basically in front of our eyes. This document is a specification that communication construction personnel should refer to during construction, and strives to avoid any problems during construction to prevent user complaints. Establish a good image for the company.