The synchronous motor is an AC motor, and the stator winding is the same as the asynchronous motor. Its rotor rotation speed is the same as the speed of the rotating magnetic field generated by the stator winding, so it is called a synchronous motor. Because of this, the current of the synchronous motor is ahead of the voltage in phase, that is, the synchronous motor is a capacitive load. For this reason, in many cases, synchronous motors are used to improve the power factor of the power supply system.
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Synchronous motors are roughly two in structure:
1. The rotor is excited by direct current. The rotor is made in an eccentric manner, and the magnetic field coils mounted on the pole core are connected in series to each other, and have alternating opposite polarities, and two leads are connected to the two slip rings mounted on the shaft. . The field coil is excited by a small DC generator or battery. In most synchronous motors, the DC generator is mounted on the motor shaft to supply the excitation current of the rotor pole coil.
Since the synchronous motor cannot be automatically started, a squirrel-cage winding is also mounted on the rotor for starting the motor. The squirrel cage windings are placed around the rotor and are similar in construction to asynchronous motors.
When a three-phase AC power source is connected to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field is generated in the motor, and the squirrel-cage winding cuts the magnetic lines of force to generate an induced current, thereby rotating the motor. After the motor rotates, its speed gradually increases to a speed slightly lower than the rotating magnetic field. At this time, the rotor field coil is excited by direct current to form a certain magnetic pole on the rotor. These magnetic poles attempt to track the rotating magnetic pole on the stator, thus increasing The speed of the motor rotor is rotated until it rotates in synchronism with the rotating magnetic field.
2. Synchronous motor with no rotor excitation The synchronous motor with non-excited rotor can be applied to single-phase power supply and can also be applied to multi-phase power supply. In this type of motor, one type of stator winding is similar to the stator of a split-phase motor or a multi-phase motor, and has a squirrel-cage rotor, and the surface of the rotor is cut into a plane. Therefore, it belongs to the pole rotor, which is made of a magnetized steel and can always maintain magnetism. The squirrel cage winding is used to generate the starting torque, and when the motor rotates to a certain speed, the rotor pole is synchronized with the current frequency of the stator coil. The polarity of the pole is induced by the stator, so its number should be equal to the number of poles on the stator. When the motor is turned to its proper speed, the squirrel-cage winding loses its function and the rotation is maintained against the rotor. The magnetic poles follow the stator poles to synchronize them.